#PROTEUS 8 VACCUUM TUBE SKIN#

It can also prevent device-associated infections in vivo at the implantation sites where antibiotics cannot reach. Surface functionalization is a relatively straightforward method for modifying the interfacial properties of medical devices without disrupting the bulk properties of material. Therefore, it is critical to reduce and eventually eliminate the infection on the dental/bone implants.ДЄ great deal of research has been focused on preventing biofilm formation onto implant interfaces in recent years. Additionally, an infection caused by biofilm is not easy to remove, causing the destruction of the adjacent tissue, and implant loosening or even detachment. Lack of antibacterial activity on the implantвЂ“abutment interface often causes undesirable complications such as oral infections and inflammatory reactions. Bacteria in the biofilm can reduce metabolic activities, form extracellular polymer matrix to defend against harmful environmental physical and chemical factors, evade host immunological surveillance and hinder the diffusion and permeation of antibiotics. These device-associated infections can progress rapidly as planktonic bacteria first adhere to an implant interface and ultimately evolve into biofilms.

#PROTEUS 8 VACCUUM TUBE SKIN#

During the process of surgery, implants are susceptible to bacterial contamination on skin and mucous membranes.

Microbial infection is one of the main causes of implant failure.

Nevertheless, there have been some cases of Ti implant failure, which are costly to rectify and are often distressing for the patients. Titanium and titanium-based alloys with excellent properties (load-bearing, low density and biocompatibility) have been widely used as artificial implants in dental, bone replacement and orthopaedic surgery. However, over recent years, there has been a marked increase in demand for implants, especially for dental and bone applications as a replacement for soft and hard tissue. Almost half of nosocomial infections are device-related, with the greatest percentage of cases consisting of implant infections. It is reported that about 1.7 million hospitalized patients were afflicted by nosocomial infections in 2002, of which almost 100 000 cases resulted in fatalities. Hospital-acquired infections have been on the rise in the past decade with staggering numbers.

This modified Ti substrate with enhanced antibacterial activity holds great potential as implant material for applications in dental and bone graft substitutes. Moreover, the inhibition of biofilm formation on the antibiotic-decorated Ti indicated that the grafted CS could maintain its long-term antibacterial activity. In addition, the antibiotic-grafted Ti could effectively prevent adhesion and proliferation of Escherichia coli (Gram-negative) and Streptococcus mutans (Gram-positive). Our results demonstrated that the antibiotic-grafted Ti substrate showed good biocompatibility and well-behaved haemocompatibility. Contact angle measurement and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the presence of CS grafted on the Ti surface. In this study, Ti substrate was coated by one-step pH-induced polymerization of dopamine followed by immobilization of the antibiotic cefotaxime sodium (CS) onto the polydopamine-coated Ti through catechol chemistry. Inspired by adhesive proteins in mussels, here we have developed a novel antibiotic-decorated titanium (Ti) material with enhanced antibacterial activity. Therefore, practical approaches to prevent implant-associated infections are in great demand. Implant-associated infections, which are normally induced by microbial adhesion and subsequent biofilm formation, are a major cause of morbidity and mortality.

Proteus 8 vaccuum tube